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How is solar energy used? There are several ways of capturing and using the sun’s energy, including photovoltaic cells, active solar energy, passive solar energy and concentrating solar power systems. Photovoltaic cells Photovoltaic (PV) cells are semiconductor devices, which exhibit electrical properties in the presence of sunlight. PV solar cells are made of thin layers of material, usually crystalline silicon. The layers, after treatment with special compounds, have either too many or too few electrons. When light strikes the active area of a solar cell, electrons start flowing, and a direct electric current is produced. PV systems consist of different components:
PV cells produce electricity as long as light shines on them. They require little maintenance, do not pollute and operate silently. PV cells come in many sizes but most are about 10 centimetres by 10 centimetres, and generate about half a volt of electricity. The simplest PV cells power watches and calculators, while more complex and integrated PV cell systems, where PV cells are bundled together in modules or panels, can power individual homes and businesses and supply power to the electric grid.
 
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A simple photovoltaic cell panel
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